Hackers broke into U.S. government computers, possibly compromising the personal data of 4 million current and former federal employees, and investigators were probing whether the culprits were based in China, U.S. officials said on Thursday.

In the latest in a string of intrusions into U.S. agencies’ high-tech systems, the Office of Personnel Management suffered what appeared to be one of the largest breaches of information ever on government workers. The office handles employee records and security clearances.

A U.S. law enforcement source told Reuters a “foreign entity or government” was believed to be behind the cyber attack. Authorities were looking into a possible Chinese connection, a source close to the matter said.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation said it had launched a probe and aimed to bring to account those responsible.

OPM detected new malicious activity affecting its information systems in April and the Department of Homeland Security said it concluded at the beginning of May that the agency’s data had been compromised and about 4 million workers may have been affected.

The agencies involved did not specify exactly what kind of information was accessed.

The breach hit OPM’s IT systems and its data stored at the Department of the Interior’s data center, a shared service center for federal agencies, a DHS official said on condition of anonymity. The official would not comment on whether other agencies’ data had been affected.

OPM had previously been the victim of another cyber attack, as have various federal government computer systems at the State Department, the U.S. Postal Service and the White House.

Chinese hackers were blamed for penetrating OPM’s computer networks last year, and hackers appeared to have targeted files on tens of thousands of employees who had applied for top-secret security clearances, the New York Times reported last July, citing unnamed U.S. officials.

“The FBI is working with our interagency partners to investigate this matter,” the bureau said in a statement. “We take all potential threats to public and private sector systems seriously, and will continue to investigate and hold accountable those who pose a threat in cyberspace.”

The U.S. government has long raised concerns about cyber spying and theft emanating from China and has urged Beijing to do more to curb the problem.

The Chinese embassy in Washington did not respond immediately to requests for comment. There was also no comment from the White House.

Since the intrusion, OPM said it had implemented additional security precautions for its networks. It said it would notify the 4 million employees and offer credit monitoring and identity theft services to those affected.

“The last few months have seen a series of massive data breaches that have affected millions of Americans,” U.S. Rep. Adam Schiff, the ranking Democrat on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said in a statement.

He called the latest intrusion “among the most shocking because Americans may expect that federal computer networks are maintained with state-of-the-art defenses.”

“It’s clear that a substantial improvement in our cyber databases and defenses is perilously overdue,” Schiff added.

In April, President Barack Obama responded to a growing rash of attacks aimed at U.S. computer networks by launching a sanctions program to target individuals and groups outside the United States that use cyber attacks to threaten U.S. foreign policy, national security or economic stability.

The move followed indictments of five Chinese military officers who were charged with economic espionage. U.S. officials also pointed the finger directly at North Korea for a high-profile attack on Sony over a film spoof depicting the assassination of North Korea’s leader.

China has routinely denied accusations by U.S. investigators that hackers backed by the Chinese government have been behind attacks on U.S. companies and federal agencies.

Obama has moved cybersecurity toward the top of his 2015 agenda after recent breaches, and the White House says he raises the issue in meetings with Chinese President Xi Jinping.

U.S. military officials have become increasingly vocal about cyber espionage and attacks launched by China, Russia and other rivals. A Pentagon report in April said hackers associated with the Chinese government repeatedly targeted U.S. military networks last year seeking intelligence.

In unveiling an updated cyber strategy last month, U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter singled out threats from Russia, China, Iran and North Korea and stressed the military’s ability to retaliate with cyber weapons.

(Additional reporting by Doina Chiacu, Mark Hosenball, Peter Cooney and Jeff Mason; Writing by Matt Spetalnick; Editing by Peter Cooney and David Gregorio)