Corruption is a problem for almost half the companies doing business in Europe, a survey by the European Commission said on Monday, and an increasing number of European Union citizens think it is getting worse.

The report places the EU, often portrayed as one of the globe’s cleanest regions, in an unflattering light. Among businesses, belief is widespread that the only way to succeed is through political connections.

Experiences of corruption vary across the 28-country bloc. Almost all companies in Greece, Spain and Italy believe it is widespread, according to the report, the first by the Commission. Corruption is considered rare in Denmark, Finland and Sweden.

That mirrors the finding of Transparency International’s corruption perception index. It named Greece as the worst performer in the EU, sharing 80th place with China.

Denmark was seen as the least corrupt.

“Corruption undermines citizens’ confidence in democratic institutions and the rule of law, it hurts the European economy and deprives states of much-needed tax revenue,” said Cecilia Malmstrom, EU Commissioner for Home Affairs.

Construction companies, which often tender for government contracts, are the most affected. Almost eight in ten of those asked complained about corruption.

Overall, 43 percent of companies see corruption as a problem. The cost to the European economy is estimated by the Commission at 120 billion euros ($162 billion) annually, almost the size of the Romanian economy.

The report says belief that corruption is commonplace is also widespread among EU citizens. A growing number believe it has grown worse in recent years. They think Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Spain and the Czech Republic are the most corrupt.

Citizens also suspect corruption is common in business. Eight out of ten believe that close links between business and politics lead to corruption.

“Europe’s problem is not so much with small bribes on the whole,” said Carl Dolan of Transparency International in Brussels. “It’s with the ties between the political class and industry.

“There has been a failure to regulate politicians’ conflicts of interest in dealing with business,” he said. “The rewards for favoring companies, in allocating contracts or making changes to legislation, are positions in the private sector when they have left office rather than a bribe.”

The European Commission recommended better controls and a redoubling of enforcement.

The report was published shortly after Romania’s former prime minister, Adrian Nastase, was sent to jail for four years for taking bribes. He was the first premier to be put behind bars since the collapse of communism in Europe in 1989.

The EU has repeatedly raised concerns about a failure to tackle high-level graft in Romania and Bulgaria, the bloc’s two poorest members. They have been blocked from joining the passport-free Schengen zone over the issue since their entry.

In October 2012, former European health commissioner John Dalli was forced to quit after an associate was accused of asking for 60 million euros from a tobacco company in return for influencing EU tobacco law. ($1 = 0.7373 euros)

(Editing by Larry King)